In 2025, a significant military escalation between India and Pakistan unfolded, marked by India’s “Operation Sindoor,” which targeted terrorist infrastructure following a deadly attack in Pahalgam. The conflict, lasting four days, showcased India’s military capabilities, leading to the destruction of several Pakistani aircraft and prompting a strategic alignment with Saudi Arabia under a new defense agreement. Despite Pakistan’s military resilience and support from allies like China and Turkey, the episode challenged long-held beliefs about nuclear deterrence and highlighted Pakistan’s internal struggles with terrorism and political unrest. As the year concluded, Pakistan faced ongoing economic difficulties and a volatile political landscape, underscoring the complex dynamics in South Asia.