India and the European Space Agency (ESA) have initiated collaborations focused on human spaceflight and lunar missions, with discussions advancing towards potential joint exploration projects. The integration of India’s advanced Earth Observation (EO) capabilities with ESA’s satellite systems aims to enhance global climate monitoring and predictive models, particularly in light of reduced US funding for climate-related initiatives. As ESA pursues its Strategy 2040, India emerges as a vital partner due to its robust space capabilities, including cost-effective launch services and innovative technologies. This partnership not only strengthens bilateral ties but also positions both parties to address global sustainability challenges, showcasing India’s growing role as a strategic player in international space endeavors.