On December 12, 2025, the Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Bill, a landmark reform opening India’s civil nuclear power sector to regulated private participation for the first time, ending the Department of Atomic Energy’s long-standing monopoly. This follows Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s February 2025 Budget announcement of the Nuclear Energy Mission with Rs 20,000 crore for small modular reactors (SMRs) research, targeting five indigenously developed SMRs operational by 2033 to bolster energy security and net-zero goals by 2070. The bill amends the Atomic Energy Act and Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, capping supplier liability, enabling up to 49% foreign direct investment, and creating a unified framework to attract capital for the 100 GW nuclear capacity target by 2047, positioning India as a leader in clean, indigenous nuclear technology.