In late October and early November 2025, Russia has significantly enhanced Venezuela’s air defense capabilities by delivering advanced systems, including the Pantsir-S1 and Buk-M2E, amid escalating U.S. military presence in the Caribbean. These transactions, which also included Su-30MK2 fighter jets and S-300VM missiles, reflect deepening strategic ties between Moscow and Caracas. Russian lawmakers have hinted at future transfers of long-range weapons, potentially complicating U.S. strategic calculations in the region. This development not only bolsters Venezuela’s defense posture but also signifies Russia’s intent to assert its influence in the Western Hemisphere, challenging U.S. dominance and altering the geopolitical landscape.