Pakistan’s Hangor-class submarine program is advancing rapidly, with multiple vessels launched or under construction, emphasizing Islamabad’s commitment to enhancing its undersea deterrent capabilities with support from China. This program could lead to Pakistan operationally fielding up to 11 AIP-equipped submarines by 2030, potentially outpacing India’s Project-75I, which is currently experiencing delays in contracting and design finalization. While India retains superiority in stealth and sensor technology with its Kalvari-class submarines, the quantitative and endurance advantage of Pakistan’s fleet, particularly in the Arabian Sea, poses a strategic challenge for India’s anti-submarine warfare operations. The developments underscore the importance of timely advancements in India’s indigenous submarine capabilities to maintain regional maritime security and deterrence.