India and Japan signed a Memorandum of Cooperation on mineral resources during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s August 29–30 visit to Tokyo for the 15th India‑Japan Annual Summit, aiming to build resilient, diversified critical minerals supply chains through joint investments in exploration, mining, processing, stockpiling, and sustainable deep‑sea mining, including projects in third countries. The pact, exchanged between India’s Ministry of Mines and Japan’s METI and aligned with frameworks like the Mineral Security Partnership, Quad critical minerals efforts, and battery supply‑chain initiatives, underscores broader economic security and technology goals. Officials also flagged a decade‑long investment roadmap, including a 10‑trillion‑yen target, alongside cooperation spanning semiconductors, clean energy, and strategic trade and technology dialogues launched in November 2024.