Pakistan’s Navy has completed the construction of its fourth Hangor-class submarine, PNS Ghazi, as part of a $5 billion contract with China, consisting of eight advanced diesel-electric attack submarines aimed at modernizing its fleet. The submarines, featuring air-independent propulsion for extended underwater endurance, are set to enhance Pakistan’s anti-access/area-denial capabilities in the strategically critical North Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, countering India’s growing naval prowess. However, concerns remain over Pakistan’s limited experience in AIP submarine construction, potentially delaying the operational deployment of these vessels into the 2030s. This project not only reflects deepening Sino-Pakistani defense collaboration but also aims to foster local shipbuilding expertise and sustainment capabilities.