Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) plans to enhance the Indian Navy’s underwater capabilities by upgrading three Kalvari+ class submarines with advanced propulsion systems, including new MAN Energy Solutions diesel engines, Air Independent Propulsion (AIP), and lithium-ion batteries. These submarines will be larger and more advanced than the existing Kalvari-class, incorporating indigenous technologies to improve endurance from 48 hours to 14-21 days. The project represents a significant leap in modern naval warfare capabilities, aligning with India’s strategic focus on maintaining a robust presence in the Indian Ocean Region. Ultimately, the enhanced features will ensure the Kalvari+ submarines are vital for covert operations and national defense.