In a significant advancement for India’s naval capabilities, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is developing a new 200-megawatt nuclear reactor for the next generation of submarines, specifically the S-5 class ballistic missile submarines and the Project-77 nuclear attack submarines. This reactor, a substantial upgrade from the current 83-megawatt systems, will enhance operational readiness by extending refueling cycles up to ten years, allowing these submarines to operate submerged for extended durations. The S-5 submarines are designed to carry long-range ballistic missiles, bolstering India’s sea-based nuclear deterrent, while the Project-77 submarines will have the agility to engage naval adversaries effectively. This development is particularly crucial as it responds to the expanding maritime capabilities of regional competitors, notably China, which has significantly increased its fleet of nuclear-powered submarines. The initiative represents a forward step under India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) initiative, enhancing indigenous defense manufacturing and ensuring that India maintains a strategic edge within the increasingly contested Indo-Pacific region. By integrating advanced technologies in reactor design, BARC is not only reinforcing India’s defense posture but also ensuring the safety and reliability of its nuclear fleet.