India launched the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) 2.0 on December 17, 2025, at the Supercomputing India 2025 event in Bengaluru, hosted by MIT–MAHE and flagged off by IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw. Building on phase one’s deployment of 37 indigenous supercomputers delivering 39-40 petaflops—used for COVID-19 drug screening and astronomical breakthroughs—this phase integrates high-performance computing (HPC), artificial intelligence (AI), and quantum technologies to achieve 2 exaflops by 2030, with pre-exascale systems of 100, 200, and 500 petaflops from 2027. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) signed 11 MoUs with institutions like IIA, IIAP, NGRI, and IIT-Kanpur to add over 60 petaflops, leveraging VEGA RISC-V processors and Rudra servers for strategic autonomy. Training over 27,000 professionals will bolster India’s self-reliant compute ecosystem, positioning it among the global top supercomputing powers for AI models, weather prediction, and defence research.