A recent study highlights that Russian mercenaries linked to the disbanded Wagner Group have likely exploited Malian military equipment, potentially violating the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) by using arms intended for Mali’s armed forces. Evidence suggests that the Wagner Group systematically appropriated various military materials, including armored vehicles and drones, amidst Mali’s ongoing security challenges following military coups and the withdrawal of Western forces. The study raises significant concerns regarding Mali’s military leadership’s complicity and the broader implications for international arms control, particularly as the newly formed Russia-affiliated Africa Corps may continue similar practices. This situation underscores the complex dynamics of regional security, the impact of external actors, and the ongoing struggle for compliance with international norms in conflicts.